The light side of chemistry: Helium

Helium is the second most abundant element in the universe, yet it is rare on Earth, found only deep below the surface. Natural helium is produced over millions of years through the radioactive decay of elements like uranium and thorium. During this process, radiation particles released by the decaying elements can capture electrons and form helium atoms.

This decay occurs within rocks deep underground, releasing helium gas into natural reservoirs. To obtain pure helium, the gas is extracted and then separated from other natural gases using cryogenic distillation—a process involving extremely low temperatures and high pressures—to achieve a purity level of over 99%.

While helium is famously associated with inflating party balloons, it is also an essential element in various industries, particularly for its cooling properties. Liquid helium, unique in its ability to reach temperatures as low as -269°C, is critical for many applications. For example, it cools the powerful magnets in MRI machines, allowing hospitals to perform detailed imaging of the human body. Similarly, space exploration relies on helium to pressurize fuel tanks and cool vital systems during rocket launches.

Despite its many uses, helium is a finite and endangered resource. Since it cannot be artificially produced, the global supply—estimated to last around 300 years at the current consumption rate—is gradually depleting. The United States alone holds an impressive reserve of 8.5 billion cubic meters, but conservation efforts are vital to ensure helium’s availability for future generations.

Helium: Lighter than air

Hehe…the lighter side of Helium!